來源:國家能源局
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發布時(shi)間:2023-04-17
近期,我國煤(mei)電核準(zhun)量大幅增(zeng)加,新(xin)項目(mu)核準(zhun)達到(dao)近年來最高(gao)水平,這(zhe)一現(xian)象引發廣(guang)泛關注(zhu)。眾所周知,我國一直致力于推(tui)動能源結構調整(zheng)。在能源綠色低碳轉型大背景(jing)下,會影響我國碳減排目(mu)標的實現(xian)嗎?
“雙碳(tan)”目標提出后(hou),我(wo)國(guo)能源結(jie)構調(diao)整加速(su),煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機增量呈現下降(jiang)趨勢,2021年(nian)全國(guo)新增煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)投(tou)產裝(zhuang)機僅2803萬千瓦,為過往15年(nian)的最低水平。但根據北(bei)大能源研究(jiu)院(yuan)發布(bu)的《中國(guo)典型(xing)五省(sheng)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)發展現狀(zhuang)與轉型(xing)優(you)化潛(qian)力研究(jiu)》統計,2022年(nian)1月至11月,國(guo)內新核準煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)項目裝(zhuang)機總(zong)量已(yi)達6524萬千瓦,超過2021年(nian)核準總(zong)量的3倍。數(shu)據對比下,雖然(ran)已(yi)核準的裝(zhuang)機到投(tou)產尚需(xu)時日,但煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機回暖態勢已(yi)明。
為(wei)何加強煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組建設力度?核心原因就(jiu)是保障能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安(an)全。過去(qu)兩年,區(qu)域(yu)性的用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)緊(jin)張和(he)烏克蘭危機(ji)(ji)(ji)引(yin)發的能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)短缺,讓我(wo)們認識到:作(zuo)為(wei)煤(mei)炭大(da)(da)國,煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)保障我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應發揮(hui)著(zhu)至關重(zhong)要的作(zuo)用。一方面,我(wo)國經濟(ji)社會還(huan)(huan)在快速(su)發展,用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量還(huan)(huan)有很大(da)(da)增長空間(jian)。據預測,到2050年,我(wo)國全社會用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)人均用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量較目前將翻一番。由(you)于風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏等新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率不高,短期(qi)內無法提供(gong)可靠的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力支(zhi)撐,煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)還(huan)(huan)需保持合理增長。
另一方面,煤電(dian)(dian)可(ke)有效(xiao)緩解高(gao)峰時(shi)(shi)段和極端天氣(qi)下的電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)保供(gong)壓力(li)(li)(li),也可(ke)為大規模(mo)可(ke)再生(sheng)能源(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)提(ti)供(gong)支撐(cheng)(cheng)。從(cong)裝機量看,我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)應總(zong)體(ti)充足,但在(zai)實際運行中(zhong),高(gao)峰用電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)段電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)難以做到瞬時(shi)(shi)平衡(heng)。由于可(ke)再生(sheng)能源(yuan)“看天吃飯”的特性,關鍵時(shi)(shi)刻(ke)還(huan)得(de)依靠煤電(dian)(dian)。數據顯示,2022年(nian),夏季高(gao)峰時(shi)(shi)段全國最高(gao)負荷同比增長6.4%,煤電(dian)(dian)機組頂(ding)峰能力(li)(li)(li)較2021年(nian)同期提(ti)升(sheng)1.5億千瓦,在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)保供(gong)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)揮了“頂(ding)梁柱”作用。因此,無論是為電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)供(gong)應兜底,還(huan)是支撐(cheng)(cheng)新能源(yuan)增量發(fa)(fa)展,短期都(dou)離不開(kai)煤電(dian)(dian)。
雖然煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)核(he)準數量增(zeng)加,但裝機(ji)(ji)質量也在(zai)(zai)大(da)幅(fu)提升,并非如同過去粗放(fang)式“大(da)上煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)”。在(zai)(zai)新(xin)核(he)準的(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目中,大(da)多數是100萬(wan)千瓦級別的(de)大(da)型先進燃煤(mei)(mei)(mei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組,這些高(gao)效率的(de)機(ji)(ji)組不(bu)僅煤(mei)(mei)(mei)耗(hao)更低,還(huan)可實現超低排放(fang),早已不(bu)是從前的(de)“污染大(da)戶”。新(xin)建煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)同時,我國也在(zai)(zai)關停(ting)落后的(de)小煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組,這些機(ji)(ji)組普遍(bian)存在(zai)(zai)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)耗(hao)高(gao)、設(she)備(bei)老舊、可靠性差等(deng)問題,許多省份都在(zai)(zai)“十(shi)三五”期間出臺了(le)關于(yu)淘汰關停(ting)30萬(wan)千瓦以下燃煤(mei)(mei)(mei)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)通(tong)知,并且給出了(le)明確的(de)量化目標。因此,“一增(zeng)一減”也是推動煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產能(neng)更新(xin)升級的(de)重要一環。
除了機組結構的變(bian)化(hua),此(ci)輪煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)投資的另一大(da)(da)亮點是煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)營(ying)。近一年內,國資委多次會(hui)議提(ti)及煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)營(ying)、煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)與(yu)可(ke)再生能(neng)源聯(lian)(lian)營(ying),各大(da)(da)發電(dian)(dian)集團積極推(tui)進“兩個(ge)聯(lian)(lian)營(ying)”。長期(qi)以(yi)來,由(you)于煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格“頂牛”,煤(mei)(mei)炭價(jia)(jia)格大(da)(da)漲時(shi),發電(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)無法通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)疏導成(cheng)本(ben),企(qi)業(ye)(ye)就會(hui)大(da)(da)幅虧損。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)聯(lian)(lian)營(ying)有(you)望發揮產(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈一體化(hua)優勢,保(bao)證(zheng)煤(mei)(mei)炭供(gong)應穩定(ding)性、降低企(qi)業(ye)(ye)燃料成(cheng)本(ben),解決煤(mei)(mei)、電(dian)(dian)矛盾。煤(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)與(yu)可(ke)再生能(neng)源聯(lian)(lian)營(ying)則能(neng)有(you)力支撐新能(neng)源大(da)(da)規(gui)模并(bing)網(wang)。
加大核準力度的(de)(de)同時,對(dui)于(yu)新(xin)增煤電(dian)(dian)項目并不(bu)(bu)(bu)是“一(yi)放(fang)了之(zhi)”。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)利(li)用(yong)小(xiao)時數是判斷電(dian)(dian)廠利(li)用(yong)效率的(de)(de)重(zhong)要標準。2015年以來,我國火電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組利(li)用(yong)小(xiao)時數一(yi)直低于(yu)4500小(xiao)時的(de)(de)紅(hong)線(xian),說明行(xing)業整體利(li)用(yong)效率并不(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao),煤電(dian)(dian)供給不(bu)(bu)(bu)足更多是結構(gou)性矛盾。當(dang)前各地(di)(di)新(xin)建的(de)(de)煤電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組如果利(li)用(yong)小(xiao)時數上不(bu)(bu)(bu)去,不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅將(jiang)造成(cheng)社會資(zi)源資(zi)金的(de)(de)巨大浪費,還(huan)會影響“雙碳(tan)”進程。各地(di)(di)應從長遠謀(mou)劃,對(dui)于(yu)新(xin)上項目科學論(lun)證、嚴格把關,平(ping)衡好煤電(dian)(dian)轉型優化(hua)與(yu)托底(di)保(bao)供之(zhi)間的(de)(de)關系,不(bu)(bu)(bu)能簡(jian)單地(di)(di)對(dui)煤電(dian)(dian)“開閘放(fang)水(shui)”。
新(xin)增煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電項目要(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)“精準滴(di)灌”,投放(fang)到(dao)需(xu)求最(zui)迫切的(de)地(di)方(fang)去(qu)。增強電力(li)保供能力(li)方(fang)面,要(yao)合理建(jian)設(she)一(yi)批支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撐性、調節性煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電機組。一(yi)部分布(bu)局在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)東部電力(li)負荷中(zhong)心,作為本地(di)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撐電源;另(ling)一(yi)部分布(bu)局在(zai)(zai)大型風光基(ji)地(di)及周邊(bian),為輸(shu)送新(xin)能源提(ti)供支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撐和調節。此外,積極(ji)推進(jin)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)炭清(qing)潔高效利用及相關技術研(yan)發,大力(li)推動(dong)存量煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電節能降碳改造、靈活(huo)性改造、供熱改造“三改聯動(dong)”,在(zai)(zai)保障電力(li)穩定(ding)供應(ying)、促進(jin)新(xin)能源消納的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上,降低煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電行(xing)業排放(fang)水(shui)平。